True Drug research

  Valerian (valeriana officinalis) ·   Part used :    Whole underground parts, including the rhizome surrounded by the roots and stolon’s. Constituents : a)   1-Volatile oils 0.5-2% : NLT 0.5% of volatile oil, and NLT 0.17% of total valerenic acids, calculated on the dried basis. b)  2- Iridoids (valepotriates) : Valerates, didrovaltrates and isovalerates groups. The valepotriates are unstable and decompose on storage or processing. Note : valerian is preferably to be administered as a herb tea or well-preserved pharmaceutical products. c)    3- Alkaloids (Pyridine type): e.g. valerianine and valerine. d)   4- Other constituents : Amino acids (e.g. arginine, y- aminobutyric acid (GABA) which argued if small or substantial amount can pass BBB (R3) , caffeic and chlorogenic acids (polyphenolic).   Active Constituents: The sedative activity attributed to both the volatile oil and iridoid valepotriate (highly unstable) and GABA, also the other unknown compounds may c

Echinacea ·    Found in eastern and central North America . ·    They grow in moist and open wooded areas. ·    It has ten species which are commonly called coneflowers. ·    Fluid extracts of Echinacea were used by Native Americans for: a) Cold b) Rabies    c) Cancer d) Seizures e) Snake Bites f) Arthritis ·    There are three common medicinal types of Echinacea; a) Echinacea angustifolia b) Echinacea purpurea c) Echinacea pallida Pharmacogenetic Feature ·     English Name : purple cone flower ·    Botanical Name : Echinacea purpurea ·    Family : Asteraceae (composite) ·    Genus : Echinacea ·    Part used : Roots and Flower Heads   DESCRIPTION: ·    2-4ft stems and long-lasting lavender flowers. ·    Has tall stems bears single pink or purple flowers. ·    Rough scattered leaves which become small towards the top of the stem. ·    Flowers occur singly atop the stems and have domed, purplish brown, spiny centres. ·    Has a central cone that

  Captopril Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and certain kidney conditions. ·   Captopril is a sulfhydryl-containing analogue of proline with antihypertensive activity & antineoplastic activity. ·    Captopril is a specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) that enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Captopril is a white to off-white crystalline powder that may have a slight sulphurous odour; it is soluble in water, methanol, & ethanol and sparingly soluble in chloroform and ethyl acetate.  Discovery of Captopril ·    One of the first drugs marketed for lowering blood pressure was found by studying the venom from Bothrops jararaca, a poisonous snake. Captopril, an analog of the snake venom's ACE-inhibiting peptide, was first synthesized in 1975 by three researchers at the U.S. drug company E.R. Squibb & Sons Pharmaceuti

  All essential types Inhaler You need to know   SABA (Short-acting beta agonist) ·     Common examples include Albuterol (Salbutamol), Terbutaline and Levalbuterol ·     Usually use as reliever for COPD and asthma ·     Can cause tremor as a side effect

  Antiparkinsonian Drug Pathophysiology: ·     Parkinsonism is a common movement disorder that involves dysfunction in the basal ganglia and associated brain structures. ·     Sign include: a)                  Rigidity of skeletal muscles b)                  Akinesia /Bradykinesia c)                   Tremor d)                  Mask like facies e)                  Unstable gait. ·     In basal ganglia, the output neurons are controlled by dopamine and acetylcholine. ·     Due to their opposite action, a balance is required. ·     Major Pathology in Parkinsonism is decrane in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, consequently cholinergic Activity becomes dominant. ·     Can be :    (a) Natural Occurring (Idiopathic)    (b) Drug induced Parkinsonism. ·     Two major Strategies for Treatment:    (i) Incrane brain Dopaminergic Activity.   (ii) Decreane Central Cholinergic Activity. Dopamine Receptors: D1   Like: Gs Coupled D₂ like Gi Coupled

Antidote 1.          Digoxin antidote Immune FAB Digibind or Digifab 2.          Methotrexate antidote?? Leucovorin (folic acid), levoleucovorin. 3.          Patient poisoned by bleach sod hybochlorite so what first line Supportive care. 4.          ntidote of heparin? Protamine sulphate. 5.          Antidote for acetaminophen Acetylcysteine (NAC) 6.          Antidote for organophosphate Atropine 7.          Antidote for benzodiazepine Flumazenil 8.          Antidote for methotrexate Glucarpidase 9.          Antidote for Iron Deferoxamine 10.   Antidote of morphine Naloxone 11.   Antidote of vaso excitation Phentolamine 12.   Antidote of Dapigatran Idarucizumab 13.   Antidote of methotrexate Leucovorin (Folic Acid) and Folic Acid, Glucarpidase 14.   Antidote of isoniazid Pyridoxine (Vitamin B) 15.   A patient brought to the ED by her family. They noticed that there was iron bottle on the floor next to her before bringing her to